Sociopath is a layman’s term that is never utilized in a formal psychiatric or mental health diagnosis, though it is connected to a personality disorder recognized by psychologists. The most common definition of the term sociopath is someone living with antisocial personality disorder, a condition in which one ignores societal norms, possesses little to no conscience, lacks empathy for others, and is completely self-serving (Glenn et al., 2013).
The term ‘sociopathic personality disturbance’ was historically used in earlier editions of the DSM to describe similar patterns of antisocial behavior, but is now classified as antisocial personality disorder.
Personality disorders are separated into three clusters in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Cluster A personality disorders are referred to as “odd and eccentric”; Cluster B personality disorders as “dramatic and erratic”; and Cluster C personality disorders as “anxious and fearful.” Antisocial personality disorder falls into Cluster B, defined by unpredictability and highly theatrical and impulsive behavior (Crego & Widiger, 2014).
Antisocial behavior refers to actions that violate social norms and the rights of others, which is a hallmark of antisocial personality disorder. An official diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder requires assessment by a qualified mental health professional, and it is important to distinguish ASPD from other personality disorders.
Characteristics of a Sociopath
It can often be difficult to identify someone who might be classified as a sociopath. Below are some of their common traits:
Manipulative
Sociopaths like to make friends fast and build trust quickly so they can manipulate their new friends into doing what they want. Sociopaths often use superficial charm to appear likable and trustworthy, which helps them manipulate others for personal gain. Due to their keen insight and ability to read other people, sociopaths can quickly gauge the flaws, wishes, and needs of other people. Their ability to assess others enables them to manipulate and dominate those around them. Sociopaths will often play the role of a perfect friend or partner by acting as if they understand and can provide anything and everything that the other person needs.
Most often, sociopaths initially present as charismatic, funny, and charming individuals, causing people to instantly like them. However, when people get to know them, they often cut off contact shortly thereafter. Few people can tolerate them, and most genuinely dislike being in their presence. It is rare for anyone to get the opportunity to get close enough to know them well. For these reasons, sociopaths have few long-term friends and have difficulty retaining friendships
The Have a Victim Mentality
People with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) often display a pronounced victim mentality, which can be both confusing and emotionally taxing for those around them. This aspect of the personality disorder is marked by a persistent pattern of blaming others for their own misfortunes and refusing to accept responsibility for their actions.
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder ASPD may use this tactic to manipulate situations to their advantage, garner sympathy, or deflect accountability for their harmful behaviors. Recognizing this pattern is crucial, as it allows others to set healthy boundaries and avoid being drawn into cycles of emotional manipulation. Understanding the underlying motivations behind this behavior can empower individuals to respond effectively and protect their own well-being when interacting with someone exhibiting these traits.
They Have No Respect for Rules or Authority
Sociopaths are aware of the difference between right and wrong but don’t believe that the rules should apply to them. That being said, while some sociopaths do have the propensity to be violent, not all are fated to become convicted criminals. If sociopaths do engage in criminal activity, their crimes are unpredictable, careless, and uncalculated. Criminal behavior, including involvement in physical fights, is a common feature of antisocial personality disorder. On occasion, they will haphazardly apologize to others, but their apologies are rarely genuine. They enjoy playing with fire and often engage in animal cruelty as an example of early antisocial conduct.
Impulsivity
Impulsivity is a classic behavior displayed by sociopaths who act without thinking of the consequences. These impulsive actions are frequently driven by self-interest, with little regard for the well-being of others. If there is no consequence, there is no remorse, and sociopaths rarely experience guilt.
Unfaithful
Sociopaths have trouble maintaining romantic relationships as their relationships are solely based on deceit. They don’t know what it means to be loyal and break trust easily, resulting in short and meaningless romantic relationships. Sociopaths also have the propensity to cheat and to be unfaithful to their partners, further damaging their relationships.
It is often challenging for someone who is in a relationship with a sociopath to accept that they have been manipulated and fooled due to the sociopath’s charm and wit. Even when an individual succeeds in getting out of the toxic relationship, they often find themselves still thinking about it for months or years thereafter.
Difficulty Functioning
As adults, sociopaths tend to have trouble maintaining consistent employment and are susceptible to alcohol or drug addiction, with alcohol abuse being a common issue. They usually lack structure in their lives and do not have short or long-term goals.
An antisocial personality disorder may result in spousal or child abuse and neglect, gang affiliations, convictions, financial difficulties, and homelessness. Sociopaths may have co-occurring mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression, may possess homicidal or suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and can be at risk for early death due to aggression and violence. People with antisocial personality disorder are at greater risk for a range of adverse outcomes, including violence, incarceration, and suicide.
Sociopath vs. Psychopath: What’s the Difference?
“Sociopath” and “psychopath” are often used interchangeably since they are both forms of antisocial personality disorder. However, the key differences between a sociopath and a psychopath are that a psychopath lacks a conscience altogether, tends to be more manipulative, and engages in calculated and shrewd behavior designed to hurt others. A sociopath usually does not experience emotion, although they can mask this lack of empathy.
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often lack empathy, which means they are unable to recognize or connect with another person’s feelings. Psychopaths are less impulsive and more patient and deliberate than sociopaths (Viding et al., 2014). Furthermore, psychopaths are thought to be more personable and charming, whereas sociopaths have difficulty fitting into social settings and society in general.
In contrast, individuals with borderline personality disorder often experience intense mood swings, which are different from the emotional detachment and lack of empathy seen in antisocial personality disorder.
How Is Antisocial Personality Disorder Diagnosed?
It can be difficult to diagnose a personality disorder since the symptoms need to be consistent and pervasive for long periods. An ASPD diagnosis requires a thorough assessment by a mental health professional, based on specific behavioral criteria. A sociopath could go through their entire life without a formal diagnosis because they are not aware that they have a problem to begin with, and therefore do not seek help or treatment. Sociopaths commonly have a history of childhood behavioral problems along with problematic relationships with their parents.
The diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is usually rendered from a person’s medical history, psychological evaluation, and DSM-5 criteria (Tyrer et al., 2022). The DSM-5 has four diagnostic criteria that are used to assess antisocial personality disorder:
- The first criterion has to do with the disregard and violation of the rights of others beginning at age 15. This criterion is further broken down into seven sub-features, including an inability to comply with laws, lying and deception for personal pleasure, impulsivity, aggression, indifference to the safety of others, patterns of irresponsibility, and a lack of remorse (Fitzgerald & Demakis, 2007).
- The second criterion states that a person needs to be 18 years of age or older to receive a formal diagnosis.
- A conduct disorder must have been present in a person before the age of 15. Indications of a conduct disorder may include violent behavior toward people or animals, destruction and disrespect to property, duplicity, stealing, and serious rule violations.
- The fourth and final criterion states that antisocial behaviors cannot be the result of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Sociopaths may not be forthcoming or provide truthful information about their symptoms and behaviors during a diagnostic interview. Their skewed perception may hamper diagnosis, especially since a key diagnostic criterion pertains to their interactions with others. Collateral information from family, friends, and loved ones may help with the formulation of an accurate diagnosis.
Symptoms tend to be at their worst during the latter part of the teenage years and early twenties, often peaking in early adulthood, but can potentially improve as one grows older. It is unclear whether the decrease in symptoms is linked to maturation and aging or rather is due to increased insight regarding the consequences of their antisocial behaviors.
Causes of Sociopathy: Genetic and Environmental Factors
At present, the exact cause of antisocial personality disorder remains unknown. However, heredity, genetics, and biological factors are believed to play an important role in the development of the disorder. Environmental factors are also believed to have a triggering impact, especially if a predisposition is already in place. Brain injuries and alterations in brain functioning during the important and formidable developmental years of childhood are also believed to heighten the risk of developing the disorder.
Some risk factors have been identified that can make people more susceptible to developing antisocial personality disorder. It is believed that those who experience early trauma, or who are raised in abusive or neglectful environments, are at higher risk of developing into sociopaths. Being diagnosed with a conduct disorder in childhood is also a risk factor, along with a family history of personality disorders and mental illness (Hill, 2002).
Impact on Mental Health
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) can have far-reaching effects on mental health, impacting not only the individual with the disorder but also those in their immediate environment. The consistent disregard for social norms and the rights of others often leads to emotional abuse, leaving family members and loved ones vulnerable to anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions.
Individuals with ASPD are also at an increased risk of developing co-occurring disorders, such as substance use disorder, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. These overlapping conditions can complicate diagnosis and treatment, making it even more important to seek professional help. Addressing the mental health challenges associated with antisocial personality disorder ASPD requires a comprehensive approach, including therapy, support networks, and, when necessary, medical intervention. By acknowledging the impact of ASPD on mental health, individuals and families can take proactive steps toward healing and recovery.
Social Norms and Sociopathy
Individuals with sociopathy frequently engage in impulsive and aggressive behavior, which can disrupt relationships and lead to significant personal and social consequences. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) outlines specific diagnostic criteria for ASPD, helping mental health professionals identify warning signs such as a lack of empathy, consistent disregard for social rules, and repeated violations of societal expectations.
Understanding the role of genetic and environmental factors in developing antisocial personality disorder is essential for both prevention and treatment. By recognizing these warning signs early and seeking support, individuals can better manage the challenges associated with this mental health condition and work toward healthier, more adaptive behaviors.
Other Disorders and Comorbidities
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) often does not exist in isolation. Many individuals with this personality disorder also experience other mental health conditions, such as substance use disorder, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. The presence of psychopathic traits can further complicate the clinical picture, making treatment more challenging.
Common characteristics like impulsive behavior and a lack of empathy are frequently seen alongside these comorbidities. Mental health professionals must consider the neurobiological and environmental evidence when developing treatment plans, as these factors can influence both the onset and progression of ASPD symptoms. Addressing all co-occurring conditions is vital for effective management and improved outcomes, ensuring that individuals receive comprehensive care tailored to their unique needs.
Living with Sociopaths
Living with someone who has antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) can be a complex and emotionally demanding experience. Individuals with ASPD often disregard social norms and boundaries, making it essential for those around them to establish clear limits and prioritize their own mental health. Recognizing the warning signs—such as manipulative behavior, lack of empathy, and a consistent disregard for others—can help family members and friends protect themselves from emotional harm.
Environmental factors, including parenting styles and family history, can play a significant role in the development of ASPD, highlighting the importance of early intervention and support. Seeking professional guidance and building a strong support network are crucial steps in managing relationships with sociopaths and maintaining emotional well-being. By understanding the challenges and taking proactive measures, individuals can navigate these relationships more effectively and safeguard their own mental health.
Treatment Options and Psychological Interventions
A sociopath cannot be cured and is difficult to treat, as problems lie inherently in their personality and in who they are. As the development of antisocial personality disorder is believed to stem from childhood, it would be beneficial for early childhood educators, pediatricians, parents, and other childcare providers to be vigilant in spotting early warning signs. If children displaying conduct issues can be identified when they are young, early intervention can be put into place. The implementation of the structure, discipline, parenting interventions, and behavioral modification may help to reduce the risk of a child developing into a sociopath.
In adulthood, treatment and professional intervention can assist a person in reducing and managing destructive behaviors to stabilize their personal and professional relationships.
Psychotherapy is the standard treatment for antisocial personality disorder, together with providing coping skills and anger management techniques. Psychotherapy can also help sociopaths if they are struggling with other co-occurring mental health or substance abuse disorders, and it can either be given to an individual or a group of people.
At present, there are no medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration to specifically treat antisocial personality disorder. However, psychiatrists and other practitioners may prescribe medications to treat symptoms of depression or anxiety. In addition, mood stabilizers or atypical antipsychotics may be prescribed to treat reckless aggression (Khalifa et al., 2020). However, due to a sociopath’s impulsivity and high-risk potential, medications are prescribed with caution to avoid addiction and substance abuse problems.
The success of a sociopath’s treatment largely depends on the severity of a person’s symptoms, along with their openness to treatment. Individuals who are willing to participate in treatment, who follow protocol, and who are monitored closely tend to have better long-term outcomes. In contrast, sociopaths with severe symptoms and an aversion to treatment will likely be destined for poorer outcomes.
In Summary
Due to the inherent and ingrained nature of a personality disorder, one should never expect a sociopath to completely change their behavior. It is important for family members and loved ones to seek support to acquire coping skills to learn how to set effective limits and restrictions. This support can come in the form of a local mental health practitioner, support group, or one of the many available online therapy services.
It is safe to say that the definition of a sociopath is actually on a continuum. On one end, the continuum can include sociopaths who are those convicts, serial killers, and murderers that the media loves to portray. In the middle of the continuum may be the sociopath who is not an actual murderer but one who engages in illegal and socially deviant activities that may or may not land them in jail for their crimes. Finally, on the other end of the continuum is the charming and charismatic sociopath who is difficult to recognize. This type of sociopath can integrate into society and adeptly form attachments and relationships to manipulate others into getting what they want.
Irrespective of the position a sociopath holds on the spectrum, their fundamental desire to dominate others and derive pleasure from causing harm and agony remains unchanged. It is advisable to be vigilant while interacting with them.
References
- Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2014). Psychopathy and the DSM. Journal of Personality, 83(6), 665–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12115
- Fitzgerald, K. L., & Demakis, G. J. (2007). The Neuropsychology of Antisocial Personality Disorder. Disease-a-Month, 53(3), 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2007.04.010
- Gibbon, S., Duggan, C., Stoffers, J., Huband, N., Völlm, B. A., Ferriter, M., & Lieb, K. (2010). Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (6), CD007668. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007668.pub2
- Glenn, A. L., Johnson, A. K., & Raine, A. (2013). Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Current Review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0427-7
- Hill, J. (2003). Early identification of individuals at risk for antisocial personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry,182(S44), S11-S14. doi:10.1192/bjp.182.44.s11
- Khalifa, N. R., Gibbon, S., Völlm, B. A., Cheung, N. H., & McCarthy, L. (2020). Pharmacological interventions for antisocial personality disorder. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 9(9), CD007667. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007667.pub3
- Raine, A. (2018). Antisocial Personality as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14(1), 259–289. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084819
- Robins L. N. (1998). The intimate connection between antisocial personality and substance abuse. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 33(8), 393–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050071
- Tyrer, P., Farnam, A., Zahmatkesh, A., & Sanatinia, R. (2022). Chapter 1. Classification and Definition of Antisocial Personality Disorder. In American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks (pp. 1–14). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9781615379590.lg01
- Viding, E., McCrory, E., & Seara-Cardoso, A. (2014). Psychopathy. Current Biology, 24(18), R871–R874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.055
Tracy is a Licensed Professional Counselor and is a clinical supervisor for a Community YMCA. Tracy has over 12 years of experience working in many settings including partial care hospitalization and intensive outpatient programs, community agencies, group practice, and school-based programs. Tracy works with clients of all ages, but especially enjoys working with the adolescents.